Introduction to Verb 動詞介紹-In declension, a word is inflected according to case, gender, and number. 名詞變化是按照格、性別、數而改變.-Verb inflection, i.e. conjugation is much more complicated. A verb is inflected according to mood, tense, voice, person, and number. 動詞的變化是更為複雜,按照情緒、時態、語氣、人稱和數來改變.-To catch up verbs in the Greek New Testament, the best way is to understand ‘formative elements’ affixed in verbs. A ‘formative element’ is a morpheme (詞素) that serves as an affix(詞綴), not as a base, or root, in word formation. We will collect frequently recurring ‘formative elements’ inside the Biblical text, while we are reading it.

<Morpheme> from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphemeIn linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding. When it stands by itself, it is considered a root because it has a meaning of its own (e.g. the morpheme cat) and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (e.g. the –s in cats to specify that it is plural). Every word comprises one or more morphemes.

Factors in Verb Conjugation 動詞變化的因素Mood (the relationship between the verb and reality) Indicative, Subjunctive 假設, Imperative命令 *Infinitive 不定詞, Participle 分詞Tense: Present 現在式, Future 未來式, Imperfect 未完成式, Aorist 不定過去式Aspect (type of action) 動態（行動類型） : Continuous (ongoing process) 持續性（進行式）, Un-definite (simple event) 不定性（單一事件）, Perfect 完成式.*Perfect: an action that was completed but has effects carrying into the present. 完成式︰一個已經完成的行動，持續到現在仍舊有效Voice 語態 / 語氣（主詞與動詞的關係）: Active 主動式, Passive 被動式, Middle 中間式–新約聖經內75%的中間式是 Deponent verb – a verb that is middle or passive in form but active in meaning. Person 人稱: 1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person. 第一、第二、第三人稱Number 數: singular, plural. 單數、複數

Factors in Verb Conjugation 動詞變化的因素Tense Formatives:時態形式Future active & middle: -σ- 未來主動與中間語態Future passive: -θησ- 未來被動Aorist active & middle: - σα- 不定過去主動與中間Aorist passive: -θη- 不定過去被動Verb structure: augment (prefix) + stem (root) + tense formative + ending. 動詞結構：加增（前置詞）+ 莖（字根）+ 時態度 + 結尾 Conneting Vowel (a vowel between the stem or tense formative of a verb and its ending): 連接母音（在字根或動詞時態與結尾之間的母音）ο before μ, ν.（μ, ν之前的ο）ε before other letters. 其他字母前的ε

<Verb Endings>動詞結尾